| Changes in consonants: | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Changes in vowels: | 5 | ||||||||||||
| Changes in accents: | 11 | ||||||||||||
Changes in transcription notes:
|
2 | ||||||||||||
| Changes in word tags: | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Merges/Splits/RemoveQK of words: | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Total text changes: | 20 | ||||||||||||
References to Miqra According to the Masorah (MAM) in these changes are to the Sefaria MAM available when the change was entered. This version can be viewed via the Links list on any book page. The Sefaria MAM is not as up-to-date as the Hebrew Wikisource Miqra According to the Masorah, however.
References to BHL in these changes are to Aron Dotan's Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia, 2001. The body text (BHL) represents Dotan's eclectic understanding of the Masorah; BHL Appendix A contains his detailed notes about the LC text itself. BHL Appendix A influences, but does not determine, the UXLC transcription. Extracts from the BHL Foreword are available in the Supplements area.
References to Breuer-DM in these changes are to the sections titled "The Text and its Sources" (הנוסח ומקורותיו) in various volumes of the Da'at Miqra (דעת מקרא) series published by Mosad HaRav Kook.
2020.06.07 - 1
| Changes in Decalogue |
These changes are from the Decalogue (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:6-21) which have two systems of vowel/accent marks: Lower and Upper. Lower and Upper do not refer to the position of the mark relative to the consonant, but the system. The mark for each system does not have to be on the same consonant. Ordinary reading uses the Lower accents; special circumstances use the Upper accents. Not all texts have both systems. If only one mark is present it is usually the Lower mark.
In the LC if two marks are on the same consonant and vying for the same space (that is, both above or both below the consonant), the Lower mark is given first (right-to-left direction); the Upper mark is given afterwards. The correct position of the mark is important to avoid mixing the two systems in this instance.
The order in the UXLC digital text is Lower mark then Upper mark if they're on the same consonant. Unfortunately rendering by current fonts may not display the order of digital text or even the full digital text. The digital text can seen by the method "Viewing details of selected Hebrew text" under the "Instructions" link.
| Ex 20:3.7 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Move patah to preceding nun. |
|
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | פָּנָֽ֗יַ | פָּנַָֽ֗י |
| Unicode | pe dagesh qamats nun qamats meteg revia yod patah | pe dagesh qamats nun qamats zero-width-joiner meteg patah revia yod |
| This verse matches Deut 5:7.7. The qamats is the Lower vowel for the nun, the patah is the Upper vowel for the nun. The ordering of the marks under the nun is the same as in the LC. The zero-width-joiner before the meteg conforms to the SBL Hebrew recommendations for a central meteg. Nevertheless, font problems jumble the markings under the nun for the SBL Hebrew font and cause the patah to disappear for the Ezra SIL font. |
Type: vowel
2020.06.07 - 2
| Changes in Decalogue |
These changes are from the Decalogue (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:6-21) which have two systems of vowel/accent marks: Lower and Upper. Lower and Upper do not refer to the position of the mark relative to the consonant, but the system. The mark for each system does not have to be on the same consonant. Ordinary reading uses the Lower accents; special circumstances use the Upper accents. Not all texts have both systems. If only one mark is present it is usually the Lower mark.
In the LC if two marks are on the same consonant and vying for the same space (that is, both above or both below the consonant), the Lower mark is given first (right-to-left direction); the Upper mark is given afterwards. The correct position of the mark is important to avoid mixing the two systems in this instance.
The order in the UXLC digital text is Lower mark then Upper mark if they're on the same consonant. Unfortunately rendering by current fonts may not display the order of digital text or even the full digital text. The digital text can seen by the method "Viewing details of selected Hebrew text" under the "Instructions" link.
| Ex 20:10.1 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change pashta (ס֙) to qadma (ס֨) on yod. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | וְי֙וֹם֙ | וְי֨וֹם֙ |
| Unicode | vav sheva yod pashta vav holam final-mem pashta | vav sheva yod qadma vav holam final-mem pashta |
| This verse matches Deut 5:14.1. The pashta (on the mem) is the Lower accent, the qadma (on the yod) is the Upper accent. A small difference is discernible between qadma and pashta. |
Type: accent
2020.06.07 - 3
| Changes in Decalogue |
These changes are from the Decalogue (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:6-21) which have two systems of vowel/accent marks: Lower and Upper. Lower and Upper do not refer to the position of the mark relative to the consonant, but the system. The mark for each system does not have to be on the same consonant. Ordinary reading uses the Lower accents; special circumstances use the Upper accents. Not all texts have both systems. If only one mark is present it is usually the Lower mark.
In the LC if two marks are on the same consonant and vying for the same space (that is, both above or both below the consonant), the Lower mark is given first (right-to-left direction); the Upper mark is given afterwards. The correct position of the mark is important to avoid mixing the two systems in this instance.
The order in the UXLC digital text is Lower mark then Upper mark if they're on the same consonant. Unfortunately rendering by current fonts may not display the order of digital text or even the full digital text. The digital text can seen by the method "Viewing details of selected Hebrew text" under the "Instructions" link.
| Deut 5:7.7 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Move patah to preceding nun. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | פָּנָֽ֗יַ׃ | פָּנַָֽ֗י |
| Unicode | pe dagesh qamats nun qamats meteg revia yod patah sof-pasuq | pe dagesh qamats nun qamats zero-width-joiner meteg patah revia yod |
| This verse matches Ex 20:3.7. The qamats is the Lower vowel for the nun, the patah is the Upper vowel for the nun. The ordering of the marks under the nun is the same as in the LC. The zero-width-joiner before the meteg conforms to the SBL Hebrew recommendations for a central meteg. Nevertheless, font problems jumble the markings under the nun for the SBL Hebrew font and cause the patah to disappear for the Ezra SIL font. |
Type: vowel
2020.06.07 - 4
| Changes in Decalogue |
These changes are from the Decalogue (Ex 20:2-17, Deut 5:6-21) which have two systems of vowel/accent marks: Lower and Upper. Lower and Upper do not refer to the position of the mark relative to the consonant, but the system. The mark for each system does not have to be on the same consonant. Ordinary reading uses the Lower accents; special circumstances use the Upper accents. Not all texts have both systems. If only one mark is present it is usually the Lower mark.
In the LC if two marks are on the same consonant and vying for the same space (that is, both above or both below the consonant), the Lower mark is given first (right-to-left direction); the Upper mark is given afterwards. The correct position of the mark is important to avoid mixing the two systems in this instance.
The order in the UXLC digital text is Lower mark then Upper mark if they're on the same consonant. Unfortunately rendering by current fonts may not display the order of digital text or even the full digital text. The digital text can seen by the method "Viewing details of selected Hebrew text" under the "Instructions" link.
| Deut 5:14.1 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change pashta (ס֙) to qadma (ס֨) on yod. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | וְי֙וֹם֙ | וְי֨וֹם֙ |
| Unicode | vav sheva yod pashta vav holam final-mem pashta | vav sheva yod qadma vav holam final-mem pashta |
| This verse matches Ex 20:10.1. The pashta (on the mem) is the Lower accent, the qadma (on the yod) is the Upper accent. A small difference is discernible between qadma and pashta. |
Type: accent
2020.07.16 - 1
| Addition of an important rafe ( סֿ ) |
The Hebrew mark rafe often indicates that a consonant does not have a dagesh or does not have a mapiq. Since this is "obvious" to the reader, the UXLC and many other texts normally do not show rafes, even though they are present in the original document. The UXLC currently shows only 12 rafes of thousands of rafes in the LC. This is an important rafe, however.
The rafe contradicts the mappiq within the letter. The rafe agrees with a tradition testified to in the Aleppo Codex, which has a rafe and no mappiq.
A transcription note 'c', "Text is correct relative to the LC.", will be added.
| Jer 44:19.14 | Seth (Avi) Kadish |
Add rafe to final he (הֿ), add note 'c'. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | לְהַ֣עֲצִבָ֔הּ | לְהַ֣עֲצִבָ֔הּֿ |
| Unicode | lamed sheva he patah munah ayin hataf-patah tsadi hiriq bet qamats zaqef-qatan he dagesh | lamed sheva he patah munah ayin hataf-patah tsadi hiriq bet qamats zaqef-qatan he dagesh rafe |
| Both the mappiq and the rafe are clearly present in the LC. |
Type: accent
2020.07.31 - 1
| Changes to dageshes in Lamentations 3:33 |
| Lam 3:33.4 | Stephen Salisbury Steve@grovescenter.org |
Remove dagesh (לּ) |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | מִלִּבּ֔וֹ | מִלִבּ֔וֹ |
| Unicode | mem hiriq lamed dagesh hiriq bet dagesh zaqef-qatan vav holam | mem hiriq lamed hiriq bet dagesh zaqef-qatan vav holam |
| No dagesh is present in the lamed in the LC. |
Type: vowel
2020.07.31 - 2
| Changes to dageshes in Lamentations 3:33 |
| Lam 3:33.6 | Yishai Glasner yishai@sefaria.org |
Note a possible dagesh in bet ( בּ) but do not add dagesh, add transcription note t. |
 Credit: Photograph by Bruce and Kenneth Zuckerman, West Semitic Research,
in collaboration with Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center.
Courtesy National Library of Russia (Saltykov-Shchedrin). |
| Reference | |
|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | בְנֵי־ |
| Unicode | bet sheva nun tsere yod maqaf |
| The dagesh is very light in the black and white facsimile at the Tanach.us site. When viewed with a high-resolution, color image from the Inscriptifact Digital Library, shown here, the dagesh nearly disappears. Adding a note t, but leaving the dagesh out, 14 Dec 2020. |
Type: NoTextChange
2020.08.31 - 1
| Changes to holam position in Isaiah 49:23 |
| Isa 49:23.20 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Move holam to qof. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | קוָֹֽי׃ | קֹוָֽי׃ |
| Unicode | qof vav holam qamats meteg yod sof-pasuq | qof holam vav qamats meteg yod sof-pasuq |
| This misplaced holam occurred in the translation from Michigan-Claremont coding to Unicode performed by the program WLC2XML. See the Coding page for more details. The two cases of this date, 2020.08.31, cover all instances of this problem in WLC 4.20. |
Type: vowel
2020.08.31 - 2
| Changes to holam position in Isaiah 49:23 |
| Lam 3:25.3 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Move holam to qof. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | לְקוָֹ֔ו | לְקֹוָ֔ו |
| Unicode | lamed sheva qof vav holam qamats zaqef-qatan vav | lamed sheva qof holam vav qamats zaqef-qatan vav |
| This misplaced holam is due to a coding error in the translation from Michigan-Claremont coding to Unicode performed by the program WLC2XML. The problem is that the MC-encoded vav, 'W', is followed by a morphological divider, '/' rather than a Hebrew character. Because the '/' is not a MC Hebrew vowel, the holam is placed, incorrectly, on the vav by the algorithm. |
Type: vowel
2020.09.22 - 1
| Change geresh muqdam ( ס֝ ) to geresh ( ס֜ ) |
The geresh and geresh muqdam have identical shapes and differ only in their positioning. The geresh (x059c) is normally centralized at the top of the consonant, the geresh muqdam (x059d) normally appears in the top right of the consonant. Muqdam means "before"; the reading direction is right-to-left.
Tradition says that the geresh muqdam appears only the three books Psalms, Proverbs, and Job; the "Sifrei Emet". The geresh muqdam is unique to the particular cantillation applied to these books.
Of 2,945 instances of a geresh muqdam in the previous version of the UXLC, only two instances appear outside of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. These instances are the subject of these changes which are intended to align with tradition.
| Lev 1:3.10 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change geresh muqdam to geresh. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | פֶּ֝תַח | פֶּ֜תַח |
| Unicode | pe dagesh segol geresh-muqdam tav patah het | pe dagesh segol geresh tav patah het |
| Plenty of space is available at the top of the pe to locate the geresh in more central position. |
Type: accent
2020.09.22 - 2
| Change geresh muqdam ( ס֝ ) to geresh ( ס֜ ) |
The geresh and geresh muqdam have identical shapes and differ only in their positioning. The geresh (x059c) is normally centralized at the top of the consonant, the geresh muqdam (x059d) normally appears in the top right of the consonant. Muqdam means "before"; the reading direction is right-to-left.
Tradition says that the geresh muqdam appears only the three books Psalms, Proverbs, and Job; the "Sifrei Emet". The geresh muqdam is unique to the particular cantillation applied to these books.
Of 2,945 instances of a geresh muqdam in the previous version of the UXLC, only two instances appear outside of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job. These instances are the subject of these changes which are intended to align with tradition.
| 2Kings 17:13.12 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change geresh muqdam to geresh. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | שֻׁ֝֠בוּ | שֻׁ֜֠בוּ |
| Unicode | shin shin-dot qubuts geresh-muqdam telisha-gedola bet vav dagesh | shin shin-dot qubuts geresh telisha-gedola bet vav dagesh |
| The upper markings, including the shin dot are very garbled. |
Type: accent
2020.09.23 - 1
| Change ordinary word (w) to ketiv word (k) |
These words are instances of ketiv without qere in the Masoretic Tanach as indicated in the Masoretic notes. The 8 recognized instances of ketiv without qere are: these verses 2 Sam 13:33, 2 Sam 15:21, plus 2 Kings 5:18; Jer 51:3, Jer 38:16, Jer 39:12, Ezek 48:16, Ruth 3:12. With this change the UXLC text contains all instances of ketiv without qere in the Masoretic Tanach. These two instances are the only ones vowelized in the LC.
Ketiv without qere words are NOT intended to be spoken by the reader. Strangely, these words are vowelized.
| 2Sam 13:33.15 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change ordinary word to ketiv word. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | אִם־ | אִם־ |
| Unicode | alef hiriq final-mem maqaf | alef hiriq final-mem maqaf |
| The text is unchanged. |
Type: tag
2020.09.23 - 2
| Change ordinary word (w) to ketiv word (k) |
These words are instances of ketiv without qere in the Masoretic Tanach as indicated in the Masoretic notes. The 8 recognized instances of ketiv without qere are: these verses 2 Sam 13:33, 2 Sam 15:21, plus 2 Kings 5:18; Jer 51:3, Jer 38:16, Jer 39:12, Ezek 48:16, Ruth 3:12. With this change the UXLC text contains all instances of ketiv without qere in the Masoretic Tanach. These two instances are the only ones vowelized in the LC.
Ketiv without qere words are NOT intended to be spoken by the reader. Strangely, these words are vowelized.
| 2Sam 15:21.12 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change ordinary word to ketiv word. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | אִם־ | אִם־ |
| Unicode | alef hiriq final-mem maqaf | alef hiriq final-mem maqaf |
| The text is unchanged. |
Type: tag
2020.09.29 - 1
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Gen 35:22.14 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Add CGJ to improve display. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | יִשְׂרָאֵֽ֑ל | יִשְׂרָאֵ֑͏ֽל |
| Unicode | yod hiriq shin sin-dot sheva resh qamats alef tsere etnachta meteg lamed | yod hiriq shin sin-dot sheva resh qamats alef tsere etnachta cgj meteg lamed |
| In the LC the etnacha and the meteg are at the same level. Thus the etnacha precedes the meteg. |
Type: accent
2020.09.29 - 2
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Ex 20:2.9 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Add CGJ to improve display. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | עֲבָדִֽ֑ים׃ | עֲבָדִ֑͏ֽים׃ |
| Unicode | ayin hataf-patah bet qamats dalet hiriq etnachta meteg yod final-mem sof-pasuq | ayin hataf-patah bet qamats dalet hiriq etnachta cgj meteg yod final-mem sof-pasuq |
Type: accent
2020.09.29 - 3
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Ex 20:10.11 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Change mark ordering on final kaf to qamats meteg munah. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | וּבִנְךָֽ֣־ | וּבִנְךָֽ֣־ |
| Unicode | vav dagesh bet hiriq nun sheva final-kaf qamats munah meteg maqaf | vav dagesh bet hiriq nun sheva final-kaf qamats meteg munah maqaf |
| Order the accents on final-kaf as qamets meteg munah so that the text and display orders are the same. No CGJ needed. |
Type: accent
2020.09.29 - 4
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Ex 20:13.2 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Add CGJ to improve display. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | תִּֿרְצָֽ֖ח׃ | תִּֿרְצָ֖͏ֽח׃ |
| Unicode | tav dagesh rafe hiriq resh sheva tsadi qamats tipeha meteg het sof-pasuq | tav dagesh rafe hiriq resh sheva tsadi qamats tipeha cgj meteg het sof-pasuq |
Type: accent
2020.09.29 - 5
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Deut 3:22.2 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Add CGJ to improve display. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | תְִּירָא֑וּם | תִּ͏ְירָא֑וּם |
| Unicode | tav dagesh hiriq sheva yod resh qamats alef etnachta vav dagesh final-mem | tav dagesh hiriq cgj sheva yod resh qamats alef etnachta vav dagesh final-mem |
Type: accent
2020.09.29 - 6
| Add Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, x034f) to improve display of complex accents |
One change, 3, corrects the order of the accents and needs no CGJ.
These changes add 5 CGJ characters to the text.
| Deut 5:6.9 | Ben Denckla bdenckla@alum.mit.edu |
Add CGJ to improve display. |
 |
| Reference | Change | |
|---|---|---|
| Text(Taamey D Web, 40pt) | עֲבָדִֽ֑ים׃ | עֲבָדִ֑͏ֽים׃ |
| Unicode | ayin hataf-patah bet qamats dalet hiriq etnachta meteg yod final-mem sof-pasuq | ayin hataf-patah bet qamats dalet hiriq etnachta cgj meteg yod final-mem sof-pasuq |
Type: accent
2020.10.19